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A torque converter in modern usage, is normally a fluid coupling which is utilized in order to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, like for example an internal combustion engine or an electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. Like a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanized clutch. This enables the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque when there is a significant difference between input and output rotational speed.
The most common type of torque converter utilized in automobile transmissions is the fluid coupling kind. During the 1920s there was even the Constantinesco or also known as pendulum-based torque converter. There are various mechanical designs for always variable transmissions that can multiply torque. Like for example, the Variomatic is a version which has a belt drive and expanding pulleys.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive which cannot multiply torque. A torque converter has an added element which is the stator. This changes the drive's characteristics throughout times of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
Inside a torque converter, there are a minimum of three rotating parts: the turbine, in order to drive the load, the impeller which is driven mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator. The stator is between the impeller and the turbine so that it could change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Traditionally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under whatever condition and this is where the term stator begins from. In reality, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been adjustments that have been integrated at times. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is required, adjustments to the modifications have proven to be worthy. Most commonly, these adjustments have taken the form of multiple turbines and stators. Every set has been intended to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several examples comprise the Dynaflow which makes use of a five element converter in order to produce the wide range of torque multiplication required to propel a heavy vehicle.
Though it is not strictly a part of classic torque converter design, various automotive converters consist of a lock-up clutch to be able to reduce heat and in order to enhance cruising power transmission effectiveness. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses related with fluid drive.
